{"id":20631,"date":"2026-10-12T17:17:49","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T15:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/feral.law\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=20631"},"modified":"2026-10-12T17:42:25","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T15:42:25","slug":"une-cour-dappel-americaine-ecarte-le-fair-use-pour-lentrainement-dune-ia-non-generative","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/feral.law\/en\/publications\/une-cour-dappel-americaine-ecarte-le-fair-use-pour-lentrainement-dune-ia-non-generative\/","title":{"rendered":"Une cour d\u2019appel am\u00e9ricaine \u00e9carte le fair use pour l\u2019entra\u00eenement d\u2019une IA non g\u00e9n\u00e9rative"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Le 30 septembre 2026, la cour d\u2019appel f\u00e9d\u00e9rale du troisi\u00e8me circuit a jug\u00e9 que l\u2019utilisation de contenus \u00e9ditoriaux prot\u00e9g\u00e9s pour entra\u00eener une IA non g\u00e9n\u00e9rative ne relevait pas n\u00e9cessairement du fair use (ou en fran\u00e7ais, \u00ab usage \u00e9quitable \u00bb).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019affaire opposait un \u00e9diteur de plateforme de recherche juridique en ligne \u00e0 une start-up ayant d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un moteur de recherche juridique fond\u00e9 sur l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/feral.law\/expertise\/intelligence-artificielle\/\">intelligence artificielle <\/a>(IA). Pour entra\u00eener son outil, la start-up avait fait r\u00e9diger plusieurs milliers de m\u00e9morandums par un prestataire, lequel s\u2019\u00e9tait appuy\u00e9 sur des en-t\u00eates juridiques r\u00e9dig\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00e9diteur, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des annotations \u00e9ditoriales r\u00e9sumant les points de droit abord\u00e9s dans des d\u00e9cisions de justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le tribunal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral du Delaware avait retenu la <a href=\"https:\/\/feral.law\/expertise\/lutte-contre-la-contrefacon\/\">contrefa\u00e7on<\/a> et \u00e9cart\u00e9 l\u2019application du <em>fair use.<\/em> La cour d\u2019appel a confirm\u00e9 cette d\u00e9cision, en consid\u00e9rant que les en-t\u00eates litigieux \u00e9taient prot\u00e9geables par le droit d\u2019auteur et que leur utilisation pour entra\u00eener une IA juridique concurrente ne constituait pas un <em>fair use<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les en-t\u00eates juridiques sont prot\u00e9geables par le copyright<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La cour d\u2019appel a d\u2019abord confirm\u00e9 que les en-t\u00eates juridiques litigieux \u00e9taient suffisamment originaux pour b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de la protection du <em>copyright<\/em>. Elle a rappel\u00e9 que le seuil d\u2019originalit\u00e9 requis en droit am\u00e9ricain demeure peu \u00e9lev\u00e9 puisque l\u2019\u0153uvre doit simplement avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re ind\u00e9pendante et r\u00e9v\u00e9ler un minimum de cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, les en-t\u00eates juridiques ne se limitaient pas \u00e0 reproduire m\u00e9caniquement le contenu des d\u00e9cisions de justice, lesquelles ne sont pas prot\u00e9g\u00e9es par le droit d\u2019auteur. Les juges ont relev\u00e9 que leur r\u00e9daction impliquait des choix \u00e9ditoriaux propres \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9diteur. Ses \u00e9quipes devaient notamment identifier les points de droit les plus pertinents, d\u00e9terminer les \u00e9l\u00e9ments n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 leur compr\u00e9hension, puis les reformuler de mani\u00e8re claire, concise et autonome. Ces choix de s\u00e9lection, de synth\u00e8se et de r\u00e9daction traduisaient, selon la cour, le minimum de cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 requis pour caract\u00e9riser leur originalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La cour a \u00e9galement \u00e9cart\u00e9 l\u2019argument selon lequel la protection de ces en-t\u00eates reviendrait \u00e0 conf\u00e9rer un monopole sur le droit. Les d\u00e9cisions de justice demeuraient librement accessibles et pouvaient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour entra\u00eener un outil de recherche juridique. En revanche, les annotations \u00e9ditoriales ajout\u00e9es par l\u2019\u00e9diteur, lorsqu\u2019elles r\u00e9sultaient de choix cr\u00e9atifs propres, pouvaient b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d\u2019une protection distincte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019utilisation des en-t\u00eates juridiques pour entra\u00eener une plateforme concurrente ne rel\u00e8ve pas du fair use<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La doctrine am\u00e9ricaine du <em>fair use<\/em>, pr\u00e9vue par l\u2019U.S. Copyright Act<sup> <a href=\"#20261012nbp1\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#20261012nbp1\" rel=\"nofollow\">1<\/a><\/sup>, constitue une exception aux droits exclusifs de l\u2019auteur. Elle permet, lorsque ses conditions sont r\u00e9unies, d\u2019utiliser une \u0153uvre prot\u00e9g\u00e9e sans l\u2019autorisation de son titulaire. L\u2019appr\u00e9ciation du <em>fair use<\/em> repose sur quatre facteurs (i) la finalit\u00e9 et le caract\u00e8re de l\u2019utilisation, (ii) la nature de l\u2019\u0153uvre prot\u00e9g\u00e9e, (iii) la quantit\u00e9 et l\u2019importance de la partie utilis\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre prot\u00e9g\u00e9e dans son ensemble et (iv) l\u2019effet de l\u2019utilisation sur le march\u00e9 potentiel de l\u2019\u0153uvre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, la cour d\u2019appel a \u00e9cart\u00e9 l\u2019argument tir\u00e9 du <em>fair use<\/em>, en retenant principalement le caract\u00e8re commercial, peu transformateur et concurrent de l\u2019utilisation des en-t\u00eates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La start-up utilisait ces en-t\u00eates pour entra\u00eener une IA destin\u00e9e \u00e0 alimenter une plateforme de recherche juridique concurrente de celle de l\u2019\u00e9diteur. Les juges ont ainsi consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que cette utilisation poursuivait une finalit\u00e9 proche de celle des en-t\u00eates d\u2019origine, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire permettre aux utilisateurs d\u2019identifier des d\u00e9cisions pertinentes pour leurs recherches juridiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La cour a \u00e9galement relev\u00e9 que la start-up aurait pu utiliser directement les d\u00e9cisions de justice, librement accessibles, plut\u00f4t que les en-t\u00eates juridiques prot\u00e9g\u00e9s. La facilit\u00e9 offerte par leur utilisation ne justifiait donc pas leur reproduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enfin, les juges ont retenu que cette utilisation affectait le march\u00e9 actuel et potentiel de l\u2019\u00e9diteur. Les en-t\u00eates contribuaient \u00e0 la valeur commerciale de sa plateforme, m\u00eame s\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas commercialis\u00e9s s\u00e9par\u00e9ment. Leur utilisation sans licence permettait \u00e0 la start-up de d\u00e9velopper un service concurrent et privait l\u2019\u00e9diteur de la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019exploiter un march\u00e9 potentiel de licences pour l\u2019entra\u00eenement de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019IA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><em>Lire l\u2019arr\u00eat du 30&nbsp;septembre 2026 de la Cour d&#8217;appel des \u00c9tats-Unis, 3e&nbsp;circuit, n\u00b0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/publishers.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/2026.09.30-Third-Circuit-Opinion.pdf\"><em>25-2153<\/em><\/a> <em>(en anglais)<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Loi am\u00e9ricaine de 1976 sur le droit d\u2019auteur, dite \u00ab U.S Copyright Act \u00bb, codifi\u00e9e dans le titre 17 du United States Code, ou 17 U.S.C.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":20632,"menu_order":26,"template":"","expertises2":[6709,6683],"class_list":["post-20631","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","expertises2-propriete-intellectuelle-intelligence-economique","expertises2-technologie-numerique"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - 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