{"id":20086,"date":"2025-05-14T11:41:37","date_gmt":"2025-05-14T09:41:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/feral.law\/?post_type=publication&p=20086"},"modified":"2025-12-17T21:04:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T20:04:49","slug":"la-responsabilite-accrue-des-hebergeurs-face-aux-notifications-de-retrait-de-contenus-illicites","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/feral.law\/en\/publications\/la-responsabilite-accrue-des-hebergeurs-face-aux-notifications-de-retrait-de-contenus-illicites\/","title":{"rendered":"La responsabilit\u00e9 accrue des h\u00e9bergeurs face aux notifications de retrait de contenus illicites"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Par un arr\u00eat du 26 f\u00e9vrier 2025, la Cour de cassation retient une interpr\u00e9tation favorable aux titulaires de droits du r\u00e9gime probatoire en mati\u00e8re de notification de contenus illicites.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un \u00e9diteur de jeux vid\u00e9o<\/a> avait constat\u00e9 que des copies contrefaisantes de ses jeux \u00e9taient disponibles en t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement sur un site Internet et adress\u00e9 plusieurs notifications de retrait \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur du site conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019ancien article 6-I-5<\/a> de la LCEN[1]<\/a><\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En l\u2019absence de retrait des liens notifi\u00e9s, l\u2019\u00e9diteur avait engag\u00e9 une action en responsabilit\u00e9 civile contre l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur du site Internet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saisie de l\u2019affaire, la Cour de cassation a confirm\u00e9 que le non-respect de l\u2019obligation de retrait des contenus illicites conform\u00e9ment notifi\u00e9s engage la responsabilit\u00e9 civile de l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur et peut \u00eatre invoqu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re autonome, ind\u00e9pendamment d\u2019une action en contrefa\u00e7on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Cour a ainsi valid\u00e9 la condamnation de l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur \u00e0 r\u00e9parer le pr\u00e9judice commercial subi par l\u2019\u00e9diteur du fait du non-retrait des contenus litigieux. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La gradation des exigences probatoires entre notification de retrait de contenus illicites et action en contrefa\u00e7on<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Au soutien de son pourvoi, l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur invoquait notamment l\u2019absence de preuve du caract\u00e8re manifestement illicite des contenus notifi\u00e9s, faute pour l\u2019\u00e9diteur d\u2019avoir d\u00e9montr\u00e9 la titularit\u00e9 de ses droits, l\u2019originalit\u00e9 des jeux vid\u00e9o<\/a> ou la mat\u00e9rialit\u00e9 des actes de contrefa\u00e7on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Cour a rejet\u00e9 cet argument, estimant que le titulaire de droits, qui agissait sur le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 propre aux h\u00e9bergeurs et non de la contrefa\u00e7on, ne pouvait \u00eatre tenu \u00e0 une telle d\u00e9monstration au stade de la notification. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, le caract\u00e8re illicite des liens notifi\u00e9s, qui reproduisaient les marques<\/a> de l\u2019\u00e9diteur et comportaient des mentions telles que \u00ab spoofed<\/em> \u00bb (usurp\u00e9) ou \u00ab free download<\/em> \u00bb (t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement gratuit) associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la notori\u00e9t\u00e9 des jeux vid\u00e9o en cause, \u00e9tait manifeste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Cour a ainsi confirm\u00e9 que la connaissance du caract\u00e8re illicite du contenu est pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e d\u00e8s lors qu’une notification conforme a \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur, sans qu\u2019il soit n\u00e9cessaire de d\u00e9montrer la titularit\u00e9 des droits, l\u2019originalit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u0153uvre ou la mat\u00e9rialit\u00e9 des actes de contrefa\u00e7on<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une solution transposable sous l\u2019empire du DSA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La solution d\u00e9gag\u00e9e par la Cour de cassation, bien que rendue sur le fondement d\u2019un cadre l\u00e9gislatif aujourd\u2019hui obsol\u00e8te, conserve toute sa pertinence sous l\u2019empire du\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Digital Services Act<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0(DSA)[2]<\/a><\/sup>. En effet, la transposition de ce r\u00e8glement en droit fran\u00e7ais a entra\u00een\u00e9 la suppression du r\u00e9gime de notification des contenus illicites pr\u00e9vu par la LCEN, d\u00e9sormais remplac\u00e9 par le dispositif de l\u2019article 16<\/a>\u00a0du DSA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 l\u2019instar de la LCEN, le DSA permet d\u2019engager la responsabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur qui, apr\u00e8s avoir eu connaissance de l\u2019illic\u00e9it\u00e9 d\u2019un contenu, n\u2019agit pas promptement pour le retirer ou en emp\u00eacher l\u2019acc\u00e8s.\u00a0Le champ d\u2019application du r\u00e9gime pr\u00e9vu par le DSA appara\u00eet ainsi plus large que celui de la LCEN d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019il ne se limite pas aux contenus \u00ab\u00a0manifestement illicites<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, mais \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des\u00a0contenus illicites[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette connaissance peut, notamment, r\u00e9sulter d\u2019une notification conforme aux exigences du DSA qui doit, entre autres, comporter une explication suffisamment \u00e9tay\u00e9e des raisons pour lesquelles les informations en question constituent un contenu illicite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e8s lors, le titulaire de droits devrait, sous l\u2019empire de ce r\u00e9gime \u00e9galement, ne pas \u00eatre tenu de d\u00e9montrer la titularit\u00e9 des droits ou la mat\u00e9rialit\u00e9 des actes de contrefa\u00e7on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le DSA introduit toutefois une diff\u00e9rence notable par rapport au r\u00e9gime ant\u00e9rieur en mati\u00e8re de sanctions : en cas de manquement \u00e0 l\u2019obligation de retrait du contenu illicite, les amendes administratives peuvent atteindre jusqu\u2019\u00e0 6\u00a0% du chiffre d\u2019affaires mondial annuel de l\u2019h\u00e9bergeur[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0l\u00e0 o\u00f9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent les h\u00e9bergeurs pouvaient seulement \u00eatre condamn\u00e9s au paiement de dommages et int\u00e9r\u00eats, renfor\u00e7ant ainsi consid\u00e9rablement la port\u00e9e dissuasive du dispositif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lire l\u2019arr\u00eat de la Cour de cassation du 26 f\u00e9vrier 2025,\u00a0<\/em>n\u00b0\u00a023-15.966<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup> Loi n\u00b0 2004-575<\/a> du 21 juin 2004 pour la confiance dans l’\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup> R\u00e8glement 2022\/2065<\/a> du 19 octobre 2022 relatif \u00e0 un march\u00e9 unique des services num\u00e9riques<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup> \u00ab \u00ab contenu illicite \u00bb : toute information qui, en soi ou par rapport \u00e0 une activit\u00e9, y compris la vente de produits ou la fourniture de services, n\u2019est pas conforme au droit de l\u2019Union ou au droit d\u2019un \u00c9tat membre qui est conforme au droit de l\u2019Union, quel que soit l\u2019objet pr\u00e9cis ou la nature pr\u00e9cise de ce droit<\/em> \u00bb (Article 3 h)<\/a> du DSA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/sup> Article 52<\/a> du DSA<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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