{"id":19917,"date":"2025-03-12T13:53:03","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T12:53:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/feral.law\/?post_type=publication&p=19917"},"modified":"2025-07-30T16:57:40","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T14:57:40","slug":"la-cjue-precise-letendue-du-droit-dacces-en-cas-de-prise-de-decision-automatisee","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/feral.law\/en\/publications\/la-cjue-precise-letendue-du-droit-dacces-en-cas-de-prise-de-decision-automatisee\/","title":{"rendered":"La CJUE pr\u00e9cise l\u2019\u00e9tendue du droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s en cas de prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Par un arr\u00eat du 27 f\u00e9vrier 2025, la CJUE a clarifi\u00e9 les obligations d\u2019information et de transparence qui incombent au responsable du traitement qui re\u00e7oit une demande de droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s li\u00e9e \u00e0 une prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une consommatrice autrichienne s\u2019\u00e9tait vu refuser la conclusion d\u2019un contrat de t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile par un op\u00e9rateur, au motif qu\u2019elle ne pr\u00e9sentait pas une solvabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re suffisante. Ce refus \u00e9tait fond\u00e9 sur une \u00e9valuation de cr\u00e9dit automatis\u00e9e, effectu\u00e9e sur la base de donn\u00e9es personnelles<\/a> de la consommatrice, r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans le scoring financier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La consommatrice avait alors saisi l\u2019autorit\u00e9 de protection des donn\u00e9es autrichienne qui avait enjoint la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de scoring de communiquer les informations utiles sur la logique sous-jacente \u00e0 cette prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e. Cette derni\u00e8re avait refus\u00e9 de s\u2019ex\u00e9cuter en invoquant notamment la protection des secrets des affaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Saisie d\u2019un recours par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de scoring, les juridictions autrichiennes ont interrog\u00e9 la Cour de justice de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (CJUE) sur l\u2019\u00e9tendue et les modalit\u00e9s du droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s des personnes concern\u00e9es pr\u00e9vu par le RGPD<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/sup> dans le cadre d\u2019une prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clarification des exigences de transparence en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9cisions automatis\u00e9es<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La CJUE a tout d\u2019abord pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que les \u00ab informations utiles concernant la logique sous-jacente<\/em> \u00bb \u00e0 une prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e, qui doivent \u00eatre communiqu\u00e9es par le responsable de traitement \u00e0 la personne concern\u00e9e, sont celles relatives \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure et aux principes d\u2019exploitation automatis\u00e9s de donn\u00e9es personnelles aux fins d\u2019en obtenir un r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9termin\u00e9, tel un profil de solvabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce droit \u00e0 l\u2019information peut \u00eatre rapproch\u00e9 de celui pr\u00e9vu par le r\u00e8glement europ\u00e9en sur l\u2019intelligence artificielle, qui permet aux personnes qui font l\u2019objet d\u2019une prise de d\u00e9cision \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un syst\u00e8me d\u2019intelligence artificielle<\/a> \u00e0 haut risque d’obtenir une explication \u00ab claire et utile<\/em> \u00bb sur le r\u00f4le de l\u2019IA dans le processus d\u00e9cisionnel et sur les principaux \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la d\u00e9cision[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Cour a ensuite soulign\u00e9 qu\u2019au titre de son obligation de transparence[3]<\/a><\/sup>, qui s\u2019applique \u00e0 la communication des \u00ab informations utiles concernant la logique sous-jacente <\/em>\u00bb, le responsable de traitement doit fournir ces informations de fa\u00e7on concise, transparente, compr\u00e9hensible et ais\u00e9ment accessible. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En effet, le droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s, exerc\u00e9 dans le cadre d\u2019une d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e, a pour objectif principal de permettre \u00e0 la personne concern\u00e9e d\u2019exprimer son point de vue sur cette d\u00e9cision et de la contester. D\u00e8s lors, il est essentiel qu\u2019elle puisse obtenir des explications sur le m\u00e9canisme qui sous-tend la prise de d\u00e9cision automatis\u00e9e ainsi que sur le r\u00e9sultat obtenu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La CJUE a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que la communication de l\u2019algorithme ou de son fonctionnement technique ne suffit pas \u00e0 satisfaire aux exigences pr\u00e9cit\u00e9es. Les explications doivent permettre \u00e0 la personne concern\u00e9e de savoir quelles donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es et comment elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exploit\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon la CJUE, en cas de profilage de solvabilit\u00e9, l\u2019explication d\u00e9taillant comment une modification de certains param\u00e8tres pourrait aboutir \u00e0 un r\u00e9sultat diff\u00e9rent pourrait constituer une information suffisamment transparente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La n\u00e9cessaire conciliation du droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s avec la protection des secrets des affaires <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La CJUE s\u2019est \u00e9galement prononc\u00e9e sur les modalit\u00e9s de conciliation du droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s et de la protection du secret des affaires sur laquelle la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de scoring s\u2019\u00e9tait appuy\u00e9e afin de refuser toute communication d\u2019informations compl\u00e9mentaires. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Cour a d\u2019abord rappel\u00e9 que le droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s n\u2019est pas absolu. D\u00e8s lors, il ne devrait pas porter atteinte aux droits et libert\u00e9s d\u2019autrui, y compris les secrets des affaires ou le droit d\u2019auteur qui prot\u00e8ge un logiciel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cela \u00e9tant, elle a consid\u00e9r\u00e9 qu\u2019un tel cas de figure ne doit pas aboutir \u00e0 refuser syst\u00e9matiquement la communication d\u2019information \u00e0 la personne concern\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ainsi, la CJUE a conclu que, dans l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se o\u00f9 le responsable de traitement consid\u00e8re que la demande de droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s implique des donn\u00e9es personnelles de tiers ou des \u00e9l\u00e9ments couverts par son secret des affaires, il doit communiquer ces informations \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 de contr\u00f4le ou \u00e0 la juridiction comp\u00e9tente. Celle-ci devra pond\u00e9rer les droits et int\u00e9r\u00eats en pr\u00e9sence pour d\u00e9terminer si ces informations doivent \u00eatre communiqu\u00e9es \u00e0 la personne concern\u00e9e au titre de son droit d\u2019acc\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lire l\u2019arr\u00eat de la Cour de justice de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne du 27 f\u00e9vrier 2025,\u00a0<\/em>C\u2011203\/22<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/sup> Article 15<\/a> du RGPD<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/sup> Article 86<\/a> du R\u00e8glement 2024\/1689 \u00e9tablissant des r\u00e8gles harmonis\u00e9es concernant l\u2019intelligence artificielle<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> Article 12 \u00a71<\/a> du RGPD<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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